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Global Magnitude of the Bread Wastes and its Reasons: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies
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Ramesh Allipour-Birgani *    , Saba Loloei , Sakineh Shab-Bidar , Hamed Pouraram |
| Tehran University of Medical Sciences , rallipour@gmail.com |
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Abstract: (535 Views) |
Background and Objectives: Bread, as a staple food, is a significant part of food waste and a potential threat to food security. This study aims to systematically investigate and quantify the global extent of bread waste and its reasons.
Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus databases from 1990 to February 2024. We selected observational studies that reported the proportion of bread waste. Random effects models were used to calculate the pooled effect sizes of bread waste.
Results: 28 observational studies were included in the systematic review and 22 in the meta-analysis, with a sample size of 8,408,344 participants. The pooled size (weighted proportion) of bread waste was 18% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14–24; I2 = 99.94%, p < 0.002). Proportion of bread waste as a consequence of consumers' practices and beliefs estimated with pooled effect size 24% (95% CI: 21–28; I2 = 95.2%, p < 0.001) compared with retailers and producers' activities pooled effect size 14% (95% CI: 10–18; I2 = 98.2%, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Bread waste prevalence was high, which is due to the behaviors of consumers and retailers. Therefore, community food and nutrition education are prescribed. |
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| Keywords: Bread waste, systematic review, consumer behavior, meta-analysis |
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Full-Text [PDF 925 kb]
(223 Downloads)
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Article type: Review |
Subject:
Nutrition
Received: 2024/05/7 | Accepted: 2024/05/28 | Published: 2024/07/27
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Highlights
- Bread wastes have increased during recent years in middle income and high-income countries.
- The 18% of global bread waste threaten three goals of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), including zero hunger (Goal 2), responsible consumption and production (Goal 12) and climate change (Goal 13).
- Evidence-based policies from different countries may help policymakers to reduce bread waste by changing consumer’s behavior and overcome food insecurity globally.
- The 24% of global bread waste was related to consumers’ behavior, belief and knowledge.
- Bread waste proportion decreased during world economic bankruptcy and food inflation (2007–2011) years, hence showed positive correlations to economic situations of consumers.
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