1. Mugizi, Edgar A, Imade F, Tanvir A. Update on mycotoxin contamination of maize and peanuts in East African Community Countries. J Food Sci Nutr Ther. 2021;7:001-10. [DOI:10.17352/jfsnt.000026]

2. Kaaya AN, Harris C, Eigel W. Peanut Aflatoxin Levels on Farms and in Markets of Uganda. 2006;(July 2003):68-75. [DOI:10.3146/0095-3679(2006)33[68:PALOFA]2.0.CO;2]

3. Mupunga I, Mngqawa P, Katerere DR. Peanuts, Aflatoxins and Undernutrition in Children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrients. 2017;1-12. [DOI:10.3390/nu9121287]

4. Li A, Bravo-ureta BE, Okello DK, Deom CM, Puppala N. Groundnut Production and Climatic Variability : Evidence from Uganda. 2013;(17):1-26.

5. Kachapulula PW, Akello J, Bandyopadhyay R, Cotty PJ. Aflatoxin contamination of groundnut and maize in Zambia: observed and potential concentrations. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;122(6):1471-82. [DOI:10.1111/jam.13448]

6. Lukwago FB, Mukisa IM, Atukwase A, Kaaya AN, Tumwebaze S. Mycotoxins contamination in foods consumed in Uganda: A 12-year review (2006-18). Sci African [Internet]. 2019;3:e00054. Available from: [DOI:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00054]

7. Wenndt A, Sudini HK, Pingali P, Nelson R. Exploring aflatoxin contamination and household-level exposure risk in diverse Indian food systems. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15(10):e0240565. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240565 [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0240565]

8. Udomkun P, Wiredu AN, Nagle M, Müller J, Vanlauwe B, Bandyopadhyay R. Innovative technologies to manage aflatoxins in foods and feeds and the profitability of application - A review. Food Control. 2017;76:127-38. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.008]

9. Rushing BR, Selim MI. Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2019;124(November 2018):81-100. Available from: [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.047]

10. Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Akinyemi MO, Sulyok M, Oyedele OA, Babalola DA, et al. Dietary Risk Assessment and Consumer Awareness of Mycotoxins among Household Consumers of Cereals , Nuts and Legumes in North-Central Nigeria. 2021;1-23. [DOI:10.3390/toxins13090635]

11. Watson S, Chen G, Sylla A, Routledge MN. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin and micronutrient status among young children from Guinea. 2016;511-8. [DOI:10.1002/mnfr.201500382]

12. Saha Turna N, Wu F. Estimation of Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Immunological Effects of Aflatoxin. Risk Anal. 2022;42(3):431-8. [DOI:10.1111/risa.13770]

13. Wokorach G, Landschoot S, Anena J, Audenaert K, Echodu R, Haesaert G. Mycotoxin profile of staple grains in northern Uganda: Understanding the level of human exposure and potential risks. Food Control [Internet]. 2021;122:107813. Available from: [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107813]

14. Okongo F, Amuge C, Jatho A, Niyonzima N, Ogwang DM, Orem J. The regional cancer spectrum in Uganda: a population-based cancer survey by sub-regions (2017-2020). Ecancermedicalscience. 2024;18:1-16. [DOI:10.3332/ecancer.2024.1782]

15. Sharon BA, Nakaganda A, Fadhil G, June M, Anecho E, Aniku G, et al. Cancer patterns in Arua district, Uganda: a hospital-based retrospective study. Ecancermedicalscience. 2024;18:1-15. [DOI:10.3332/ecancer.2024.1688]

16. Nguegwouo E, Azoumboi Abassi Nouhou, Abel Wade, Gabriel Nama Medoua, Elie Fokou. Validation of an ELISA test kit for the quantitative analyses of total Aflatoxins in spices marketed in Cameroon. Magna Sci Adv Res Rev. 2023;7(1):086-97. [DOI:10.30574/msarr.2023.7.1.0080]

17. EAC. Building an Aflatoxin Safe East African Community Technical Policy Paper 7 Aflatoxin Standards for Feed Knowledge Platform 2015 Situational Analysis for East Africa Region. 2015;

18. EFSA. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food. EFSA J. 2020;18(3).

19. Wenndt A, Mutua F, Grace D, Thomas LF, Lambertini E. Quantitative assessment of aflatoxin exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk associated with consumption of select Nigerian staple foods. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2023;7(Lmic). [DOI:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1128540]

20. EFSA. Opinion of the Scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the comission related to the potential increase of consumer health risk by a possible increase of the existing maximum levels for aflatoxins in almonds hazelnuts and. EFSA J. 2007;446:1-127. [DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.446]

21. Qin M, Liang J, Yang D, Yang X, Cao P, Wang X, et al. Spatial analysis of dietary exposure of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut oil in different areas of China. Food Res Int [Internet]. 2020;(November):109899. Available from: [DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109899]

22. MOH. Ministry of Health Uganda Guidelines for Prevention, Testing, Care and Treatment of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection. 2019;(NOVEMBER).

23. Agbetiameh D, Ortega-Beltran A, Awuah RT, Atehnkeng J, Cotty PJ, Bandyopadhyay R. Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in maize and groundnut in Ghana: Population structure, distribution and toxigenicity of the causal agents. Plant Dis. 2018;102(4):764-72. [DOI:10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0749-RE]

24. Oyedele OA, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Adetunji MC, Warth B, Atanda OO, et al. Mycotoxin risk assessment for consumers of groundnut in domestic markets in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol [Internet]. 2017;251:24-32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.020 [DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.020]

25. Waliyar F, Osiru M, Ntare BR, Vijay Krishna Kumar K, Sudini H, Traore A, et al. Post-harvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. World Mycotoxin J. 2015;8(2):245-52. [DOI:10.3920/WMJ2014.1766]

26. Akullo JO, Amayo R, Okello DK, Mohammed A, Muyinda R, Magumba D, et al. Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut and maize food products in Eastern and Northern Uganda Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut and maize food products in Eastern and Northern Uganda. Cogent Food Agric [Internet]. 2023;9(1). Available from: [DOI:10.1080/23311932.2023.2221015]

27. Nicholaus C, Martin HD, Matemu A, Kimiywe J, Kassim N. Risks of aflatoxin exposure among adolescents in boarding schools in Kilimanjaro region , Tanzania. 2021;14(2):221-35. [DOI:10.3920/WMJ2020.2570]

28. Mutungi C, Onyango C. The fate of aflatoxins during processing of maize into muthokoi - A traditional Kenyan food. Food Control. 2008;19:714-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.07.011]

29. Siwela AH, Siwela M, Matindi G, Dube S, Nziramasanga N. Decontamination of aflatoxin-contaminated maize by dehulling. 2005;2538(July 2004):2535-8. [DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2288]

30. Kaaya, Archileo., Kyamuhangire, W., Kyamanywa S. Factors affecting aflatoxin contamination of maize in Uganda.pdf. J Appl Sci. 2006;6(11):2401-7.

31. Atukwase A, Mutebi R, Acham H, Kaaya AN, Wacoo PA. Aflatoxin exposure and risk assessment among peri-urban low income population in Kampala Capital City, Uganda. Meas Food [Internet]. 2024;13(November 2023):100122. Available from: [DOI:10.1016/j.meafoo.2023.100122]

32. Thi B, Huong M, Danh L, Thanh T, Madsen H, Brimer L, et al. A fl atoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups. Food Control [Internet]. 2016;70:191-200. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.052 [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.052]

33. Blankson GK, Mill-Robertson FC. Aflatoxin contamination and exposure in processed cereal-based complementary foods for infants and young children in greater Accra, Ghana. Food Control [Internet]. 2016;64:212-7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.12.032 [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.12.032]

34. Huong BTM, Tuyen LD, Madsen H, Brimer L, Friis H, Dalsgaard A. Total dietary intake and health risks associated with exposure to aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin a and fuminisins of children in Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. Toxins (Basel). 2019;11(11):1-18. [DOI:10.3390/toxins11110638]

35. Huu T, Cao S, Dinh C, Nguyen H binh T, Le P thao T, Le H hao T, et al. Dietary exposure and health risk characterization of a fl atoxin B1 , ochratoxin A , fumonisin B1 and zearalenone in food from di ff erent provinces in Northern Vietnam. Food Control [Internet]. 2020;112(December 2019):107108. Available from: [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107108]

36. Kortei NK, Annan T, Akonor PT, Richard SA, Annan HA, Kyei-Baffour V, et al. The occurrence of aflatoxins and human health risk estimations in randomly obtained maize from some markets in Ghana. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2021;11(1):1-13. Available from: [DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-83751-7]

37. Kortei NK, Annan T, Dzikunoo J, Agbetiameh D. Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize (Zea mays) in different age populations in the Volta Region of Ghana. Int J Food Contam [Internet]. 2022;9(1):1-13. Available from: [DOI:10.1186/s40550-022-00099-0]

38. Korley N, Annan T, Toah P, Richard SA, Ama H, Kwagyan MW, et al. Aflatoxins in randomly selected groundnuts

39. ( Arachis hypogaea ) and its products from some local markets across Ghana : Human risk assessment and monitoring. Toxicol Reports [Internet]. 2021;8:186-95. Available from: [DOI:10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.002]

40. EPA. Risk and Hazard Assessment. 2020;(July):1-90.

41. Kooprasertying P, Maneeboon T, Mahakarnchanakul W, Kooprasertying P, Maneeboon T, Hongprayoon R. Exposure assessment of aflatoxins in Thai peanut consumption Exposure assessment of aflatoxins in Thai peanut consumption. Cogent Food Agric [Internet]. 2016;18(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1204683 [DOI:10.1080/23311932.2016.1204683]

42. Nugraha A, Khotimah K, Rietjens IMCM. Risk assessment of a fl atoxin B1 exposure from maize and peanut consumption in Indonesia using the margin of exposure and liver cancer risk estimation approaches. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2018;113(January):134-44. Available from: [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.036]